【www.31823946.com--写作技巧】
心得体会是指一种读书、实践后所写的感受性文字。以下是小编整理的托福考试写作技巧范文五篇,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
答题技巧
托福阅读多选题怎么做
托福阅读最后一题是多选题,要求大家六选三。能不能选到正确的答案另说,选中答案的顺序会不会影响最后的得分呢?托福阅读最后一道题是从6个里选择3个,但是关于TPO上这六个的排列顺序是不固定的:
有的答案是按横向:
A B
C D
E F
有的答案是按纵向:
A D
B E
C F
如此的选择时尽管选对了,但那3个空并未按顺序,也会被判错。如此是怎么回事?
冰冰老师在此回答:不会的,只要选的3个内容是对的,不分顺序的。
托福阅读最后一题的评分标准:
托福阅读六选三的题满分成绩在2分,选对2个得1分,选对1个不得分;
托福阅读七选五的题满分成绩在3分,选对4个得2分,选对3个得1分,那么选对两个和两个以下不得分
托福阅读最后一题的答题方法:
方法一:
选大意的题目:首先使用最快的速度根据细节排除的原则作,通常可以排除2个细节选项,如此最多只错一个了,而后通常还有一个选项是被改动过是错的,因此可以快速的做对了。
做托福阅读时首先要浏览每一个段落的第一句(第一段短的话每句都要看),然后按段落记录关键词。
方法二:
1、分清楚文章细节与主题。当大家阅读文章时,做好文章分析,有的是本段论点,有的则是段落中的举例,和离体内容。有的肯定并非是要答案。除了一种情况,大段举例能够当成主旨。
2、托福阅读时做好简单笔记。理清文章思路。有的是论点与论点的支持论据,那些是转折,作者态度,就这三点。
3、排除文章里并未提及的选项。
用这些方法,相信多加练习是可以做对的。
常见话题
1. 人:学术性的托福阅读常考的就是各种科学家,以ist和er结尾居多。
例如:anthropologist,archaeologist,paleontologist,zoologist,geogrAPher,astronomer
(人类学家,考古学家,古生物学家,动物学家,地理学家,天文学家)
这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写,只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。在面对未知的专有名词时,至少要判断他们存在于那个学科,才好进行下一步的推理。
2. 地质、地貌:这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。建议大家对其中的托福阅读常考词汇进行积累。
例如:volcano,layer,conglomerate,karst,porous,permeable,meteorolite,asteroid
火山,(地)层,砾岩,喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形),多孔的(有透气性与透水性),可渗透的,陨石,小行星
3. 气候、动物与生态:与生物和地球有关的托福阅读话题是托福阅读常考的。
例如:unpredictable,vary,range
from,extinction,endangered,tropical,jungle,equatorial
不可预测的,改变(动词),变化幅度(动词),灭绝,濒危的,热带的,丛林,赤道附近的
4. 历史、考古,这类托福阅读话题是托福阅读常考对象,也要加以注意。
尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古,而是从各个层面切入,有很多的表现形式。可能是古人类的迁徙,那就是人类历史。贸易和交通运输的发展,那就是经济史,等等。
例如,relics,remains,mausoleum,handicraft,cohesiveness,territorial,civilization
遗迹,遗迹或残骸,陵墓,手工艺品,凝聚性,领土的,文明
如何应对托福阅读长难句
长难句
学会迅速读懂
托福阅读长难句主要是用实战的要求为目的。难句子不但是在托福阅读里出现,其他单项,比如托福听力或者托福口语里也许会遇到,因此,对难句子的攻克变得相当重要。
利用语法、不靠语法
也就是在托福里考生一直也不需要在考场上分析一句话的语法成分,同样是别想这句话是否存在语法错误,考生只有一个任务,即是现场快速的读明白文章。但是在最开始能够少量的运用语法,其中目的有两个:其一是给初学人员若不能看明白句子得结构,通常是会认为心情沮丧,又或是大脑混乱,根本就读不尽文章,因此引入语法能够给读者以信心; 二为运用语法,可以了解文章的语法结构,并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子,达到一遍就可以读懂句子得效果。
学练结合,以练为主
事实上针对英语语法得学习,其中包含了针对英文单词的中文释意的记忆和对英语句子得中文翻译,都成为了大家学习英语的辅助工具;我们最后是为了提升对英语的实际使用能力。环球教育托福老师表示最重要的是在托福考试的应用上即当看见英语句子时,正确的做法并非是现场分析出剩下的托福阅读语法结构,再背出每个单词的中文释意,再把这些中文单词串成句子,最后才根据翻译出来的中文来想这句话的意思是什么,而是读到每个单词、每一句话的时候,大脑中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文释意。
阅读速度
提速从开头段开始
花两三分钟时间扫描每篇文章头一两个句子,定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟,但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付,有的文章则需要15分钟左右。
一般来说,4篇文章中有2篇难度大一些,比方说:如果最后一篇文章难度较大,且12-14道题,在这种情况下,按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题,带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度,同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布),有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。
把握文章类型结构
所谓结构,即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体(Academic),是学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章,这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学,均议论文、说明文,最显著的特点是呈板块结构。因此考生要做的就是通过大量阅读同类文章学会把握这种学术体类型的文章结构,从而提升对此类文章的熟练度,确保在考试中能够第一时间摸准文章结构找到自己需要重点查看的内容。
重点看各段落首句
托福阅读文章均由数个自然段组成,正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句,没有必要每个句子都精读,这种做法不仅理解难度大,而且不涉及考题,在这些细节部分过多停留无疑是白白浪费时间。大家只需要读完每段第一句知道本段大意,之后的解题有需要的再返回定位找找细节就可以了。
提分技巧
准确把握托福阅读备考重点
考生在托福阅读备考中的重点在于适应答题的环境和节奏。这需要考生把握托福阅读文章内容和明确托福阅读题目考点。所以,考生要提升基础阅读能力,从词汇、语法和文章结构出发备考,要把握托福考试的8000词汇,在学习词汇时不仅要知道单词的汉语意思也要掌握词汇用法;要提高长难句的分析能力,要在备考中多阅读相关文章,提高阅读能力。
高效使用托福阅读真题机经
这里提到的真题包括托福阅读考试回顾、托福阅读TPO以及托福阅读预测机经。对于托福阅读考试回顾,考生要从中把握本次考试的话题是什么、话题所属学科、话题具体背景知识;尤其熟记考过的词汇;对于托福阅读TPO,考生可以分析文章中所有不懂的词汇以及难句并通过全文翻译来扫清理解障碍,也可以根据不同话题文章的写作特点来总结多个话题文章写作思路;考生也要利用TPO题目来测试自己的阅读水平,深入分析题目类型和熟悉运用答题策略。
熟练运用托福阅读答题技巧
在托福阅读备考使用TPO题目时,考生可以对每种托福阅读题型有足够了解,从中巩固题目答题策略。但是考生的短期提升只有策略是不足的,因为短期掌握的策略在遇到有难度文章或者不熟悉的题目时都帮助不大。所以考生可以掌握一些答题技巧。比如在文章中遇到难题时,考生可以利用猜词等技巧来读懂词汇,可以通过上下文语境来推测词汇含义;对于托福阅读题型解答也要掌握一些技巧。比如细节类题型解答时可以利用排除等手段高效解题,推论题、修辞目的题可以利用题目本身的特点来锁定答案等等。
这些地区的农业发展比较坎坷,重点讲了三个方面:
1由于技术的落后、人口压力巨大,导致了对土地的开垦非常激进,不给土地休养生息的机会,导致了水土流失。
2除此之外,土地盐化很严重,盐化的基本原理就是地下水来到地表后伴随着高温就蒸发了,导致水中的盐分留在地表,造成盐化。
3由于频繁灌溉导致淤泥量激增,影响了正常的灌溉,导致灌溉农业无法持续。
4. 讲的是bat的超声波,各种bat的不同的超声波
5. forest的扩张
6. diamond的地位发展,欧洲和印度的钻石贸易
7. 动物直接繁殖live thing,还有一个是下蛋然后孵化。
8. 土地盐渍化在某个地区的影响,不仅还有salt,还有mud,silt的影响。
9. 某种恐龙是predator还是scavenger
10. 文字演变,文字的发展史,各种不同文字的演变
1月12日托福听力考试真题答案
Conversation 对话
1. 一个教授开了新的工程史课程,可以提供给其他专业的学生,有同学问教授如果是其他专业的学生能不能听懂这门课。
2. 女生说车要从停车场挪到另一个停车场,因为要修剪树,然后要弄大的仪器进来,女生挪了之后就去别的地方,结果回来的时候发现她新的那个停车场也要修剪树木,然后需要挪,但是她出去了不知道,她的车就被贴了tickets,她就和这个男的说我怎么能知道什么时候能修好树啊又没通知什么的。
3. 寝室洗衣机坏了,学生在网上递交维修申请没回复,去找老师,老师帮忙打电话
4. 艺术史,跳舞雕塑
5. 女生感谢教师给她补考,老师谈自己教学方法。
6. 女士找教授的代理要推荐信,教授没有留下推荐信。
7. 学生想做住宿指导员,但有一些担忧。
Lecture 讲座
1. 一个画家画西部风景画满足大家的好奇心,所以很火,后来凉了。
2. 人类机智地预测动物的数量分布,利用ideal distribution model,举例了海豚、啮鼠、鱼。
3. 心理学,讲选择恐惧的影响
4. 关于technological determinism,新技术的发展,可以是任何东西,推动我们社会进化,and shape who we are,技术一旦存在,改变不可避免。
5. 儿童学会说话的两种理论:行为模仿及纠正;天生的;行为论的弊端。
6. 超现实主义
7. 地幔中含水量巨大的证明
托福历年真题题目及答案
Part V Direction : In this part of the test has incomplete sentences. Four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C) and (D) are given beneath each sentence. You are to choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and mark on your answer sheet. 101. For several years now, we have seen a marked in attendance and exhibitions at the PCB design conferences. (A) increase (B) increased (C) increasing (D) TO increase 102. Make sure that transportation to and from the river is arranged to your . (A) satisfactory (B) satisfaction (C) satisfy (D) to satisfy 103. The imposing that will soon be Rand Corporation"s R&D center was renovated by the highly admired designer Haewook Lee. (A) structural (B) structure (C) structurally (D) in structural 104. Employees may receive 50% tuition reimbursement for job-related courses taken with a supervisor"s . (A) approves (B) approval (C) approve (D) to approve 105. Mr. Hui, a freelance writer here at ESS Newspapers, has impeccable for the position of senior editor. (A) qualified (B) qualifications (C) qualify (D) be qualified 106. Because of an illness is much cheaper than treatment, the local health clinic will be offering free flu vaccinations this weekend. (A) prevention (B) prevent (C) to prevent B) prevented 107. Legal experts have presented that the DNA samples and fingerprints match. (A) evident (B) evidence (C) evidently (D) to evident 108. Mach Corp. has a system that allows clients to manage to employees" files. (A) access (B) accessible (C) to accessible (D) accessibly 109. The average listener will not be able to notice any between audio CD and MP3 files. (A) differences (B) different (C) differently (D) of different 110. Without your , we cannot guarantee your room after 6 p.m. A) confirm B) confirming C) confirmation D) confirmative 111. of countries belonging to GATT approved the agreement yesterday in Geneva. A) Represents B) Representations C) Representatives D) Representing 112. Officials of the Sydney head of office will hold a conference to talk about goals for the next ten years. A) them B) their C) theirs D) they 113. As a customer service representative, Mrs. Lee tried to solve complaints from customers before asking for ______ supervisor"s advice. (A) she B) her C) hers D) herself 114 Mr. Alfred and I extend thanks to those that have helped this project in the past. (A) us (B) ours (C) our (D) ourselves 115. Pioneer Corp. is considering--------- the release of the new equipment scheduled for later this month. (A)postponing (B) postpone (C) to postpone (D) postponement 116. The company"s business plan includes ---------- revenue from magazine and event promotions designed to help recruiters find qualified applicants. (A) draw (B) drawing (C) to draw (D) drawer 117. This guideline is intended to -------- information about our databases and to provide a clear definition of how these database get updated and who has responsibilities (A) clarification (B) classified (C) cleared (D) clarify 118. As of July 7, basic monthly telephone service will increase by $1.50 due to the new federal telecommunication tax, -------- state-to-state long-distance rates will decrease an average of 10 percent. (A) otherwise (B) therefore (C) however (D) in addition to 119. He makes $20 an hour, has more work than he can handle. (A) and (B) than (C) so (D) but 120. Their products are known not only for their low price, __________ for their high quality. (A) but (B) but also (C) and also (D) as well as
Older staff are more productive than their younger colleagues, say researchers.
有研究显示,与年轻的员工相比,年长的员工的工作效率更高。
More mature members of staff may be weaker and less agile than their junior counterparts, but they more than compensate with their greater experience, ability to work in teams, and success at coping when things go wrong.
更加成熟的员工在反应的敏捷度上可能弱于资历浅的年轻员工,但他们丰富的经验却弥补了这一点,这点在与团队的合作上,以及在处理工作发生错误时表现得尤为明显。
The researchers say: ‘While older workers make more errors, perhaps due to declining physical attributes, they hardly make any severe errors, perhaps due to more experience.
研究者说:“尽管年长的员工或许会犯更多的错误,这也许是与他们体能下降有关,但他们却很少犯错,这又与他们丰富的工作经验不无关系。”
‘It is experience that prevents severe errors.’
“正是工作经验防止了错误的发生。”
The scientists who studied production lines at a Mercedes-Benz truck factory in southern Germany also found that younger, more highly educated workers were less productive than those who had fewer qualifications – perhaps because the educated workers got bored more easily.
科学家们在位于德国南部的奔驰汽车生产工厂中发现,那些年轻的受教育程度更高的工人其实在生产效率上海不如那些条件并不这样有效的员工,尽管有教育的员工对工作上手更快。
The researchers, from the University of Mannheim, said their findings debunked the idea that older workers should be made redundant to boost productivity.
从曼海姆大学的研究人员表示,他们的发现证明了年长员工的工作效率其实更高。
They write: ‘In many countries, lower productivity among older workers is used as a motivation for early retirement policies.
他们说,“在世界上的很多国家,抱怨年老员工工作效率低下通常是劝道他们提前退休的理由。”
‘If this were true, the ageing populations in many developed countries would have negative effects on overall productivity. These results cast doubt on such beliefs.’
“如果我们的想法是正确的,那么在很多发达国家中的老龄人口将对于社会的整体创造力产生负面影响。但研究的结果却与这样的观点背道而驰。”
The researchers argue that in sectors where physical strength is less important than in manufacturing, such as in the service sector, it is likely that older workers are even more productive.
研究者们认为,体能再现在生产中所占的重要性正在降低,例如在服务业中,年长员工的工作效率更高。
The researchers also found that a higher proportion of women in the workforce is bad for productivity in young teams and good in old teams.
研究者们还发现,在年轻的团队中,女性所占比例过高将对效率产生反作用,但这样的情况在年长的团队中刚好相反。
They say women make fewer errors, but young male workers get distracted, and are likely to make more errors, if women are in the team.
他们表示,女性出错的几率更低,但却会使得年轻的男性员工分心,团队中若有女性的存在,会使得他们更容易出错。
How clean is the average backyard pool is? Find out on this Moment of Science.
Everybody loves the swimming pool. But how clean is the water in the average backyard or public pool? If you trust (1)chlorine to take care of germs, you’re in for a surprise.
Chlorine and other (2)disinfectants do indeed help to clean the water, but some germs can survive in even the best-kept pool. For example, (3)cryptosporidium may live in pool water for several days. Crypto causes a (4)diarrheal illness and may (5)rinse off the bodies of infected people or (6)diapered children into the pool. If you swallow infected pool water, you may become sick.
Other germs may live for a few minutes or a few hours in a chlorinated pool: Giardia(鞭毛虫), Shigella(志贺氏菌), and E. Coli(大肠杆菌) may cause diarrheal illnesses. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa(绿脓杆菌) may cause an ear infection called swimmer’s ear and also a skin infection called “hot tub rash(热浴池皮疹),” that is usually associated with very warm pools and spas.
While keeping the correct chlorine and ph levels will minimize (7)water-borne illness, prevention is also a good idea. Keep diapered children in the water for only brief periods and keep sick people out of the water altogether. And, don’t ever swallow pool water.
译文:
和细菌游泳
每个人都喜欢游泳池。但是在一般的后院和游泳池的水有多清洁呢?如果你相信氯可以制服细菌,那么接下来的就会让你惊奇。
氯和其它的消毒剂的确有助于清洁水,但是一些细菌在保护很好的水池里仍然可以存活。列如:隐孢子虫可能在池水中生活很多天。隐孢子虫能引起腹泻,并且会从进入泳池的被感染病人或者带尿布孩子的身上被冲刷下来。如果你吞下被感染的池水,也会生病。
其它的细菌可能在氯化池里生存几分钟或者几个小时:鞭毛虫,志贺氏菌,和大肠杆菌可能引起腹泻。绿脓杆菌可能引起游泳性耳炎的耳朵感染以及热浴池皮疹的皮肤感染。热浴池皮疹通常与非常温暖的水池和温泉有关。
尽管保持正确的氯和pH值能够减少通过水传播的疾病,可是预防也是一个好主意。保持仍带尿布的孩子在水中只停留短暂的时间,使病人远离水。并且永远不要吞下池水。
Notes:
(1)chlorine ["kl :ri:n] n.氯
(2)disinfectants n.消毒剂;消毒水;消毒乐
(3)cryptosporidium [,kript u"sp ridi m] n.隐孢子虫
(4)diarrheal [,dai "ri:ik] adj.腹泻的
An increase in diarrheal illness in New York City followed a massive power outage in .
纽约市大规模供电中断,造成了当地腹泻病症的大量增加。
(5)rinse [rins] vt.漱;冲洗掉;漂净 n.冲洗;漂洗;染发剂;染发 vi.冲洗掉;漂净
She rinsed her hands quickly before eating.
她吃东西以前很快洗了一下手。
(6)diaper ["dai p ] n.尿布 vt.给孩子换尿布
cloth diapered two kids and LOVED every minute of it.
我的两个小孩都使用尿布,而且非常喜欢。
(7)water-borne adj.水传播的;由水浮起的;水运的;饮水传染的
It tells the research and use of water-borne alkyd resin coatings and points out its prospects in vehicle and architecture fields.
醇酸树脂水性化的研究及在车辆建筑领域中的应用,指出水性醇酸树脂涂料的发展前景。
In a spirit of gratitude and giving back to the parents who raised them, Bill and Jackie Merz"s daughters have extended a generous invitation.
“They both live in Chicago now,” said Bill Merz, 75, a retired Sacramento State psychology professor. “One was willing to put an extra floor on her house and install an elevator for us so we could live there. The other wanted to convert her basement for us.
”I told them we"d have somebody shoot us before we did that.“
The Merzes, who live in their own home at Eskaton Village Roseville, adore their extended, close-knit family, which also includes two sons in California and 11 grandchildren. But the idea of living with the kids in their older age leaves them cold.
”My first reaction was, "I don"t want you telling me what to do,"“ said Jackie Merz, who is also 75 and a retired teacher and counselor.
Most older adults tend to be a bit more euphemistic about it: Typically, they say that they don"t want to be a burden to their kids, or that they don"t want to impose. But statistics show a plainer truth. In huge numbers, seniors relish their freedom, and they want to live on their own as long as they can.
In the Sacramento region, US census figures show that almost three-fourths of people 65 and older live in same-generation (as opposed to multigenerational) households. National figures are even higher, with nearly 80 percent of older adults living in their own households – more than triple the number from the 1940s.
A recent survey from the research firm Gallup & Robinson highlights that sense of independence. While 53 percent of people below age 65 said they would take in an aging parent who needed their help, only a quarter of people older than 65 said they would accept an invitation to live with their grown children.
Those attitudes fly in the face of a stubborn cultural cliché, in which the grandparents, kids and grandkids grow older together under one roof – a holdover from the days when there was no choice but for the generations to live together, like it or not.
”I think the stereotype exists because we continually look retrospectively,“ said Bill Merz. ”It becomes a museum piece. Look at TV shows and movies about Christmas, the nuclear family they show.
“It hasn"t been that way since World War II. GIs didn"t come back from the war and move to Mom and Dad"s neighborhood. They moved to the suburbs or across the country.”
译文:
比尔?默茨和杰基?默茨夫妇的女儿们一心想要感谢和回报父母的养育之恩,对他们慷慨相邀。
“她们两个现在都住在芝加哥,”现年75岁的比尔?默茨说。他曾是萨拉门托州立大学的心理学教授,现已退休。“一个想要在她家的房子里加一层,给我们装上电梯,这样我们就能住在那儿了。另一个想把地下室改装给我们住。”
“我告诉她们如果要这样,还不如毙了我们。”
默茨夫妇住在他们艾斯卡顿村罗萨维尔区自己的家中,非常热爱他们紧密团结的大家庭,除了两个女儿,他们还有两个住在加利福尼亚的儿子和11个孙子和孙女。但想到自己的晚年要和孩子们住在一起,他们感到很不快。
现年75岁的杰基?默茨说:“我的第一反应是:我不需要你来告诉我怎么做。”她曾是一名辅导教师,现在也已退休。
多数老人对此的态度会委婉一些。通常,他们会说他们不愿成为孩子的负担,或他们不想强行要求孩子接纳他们。但数据却更直白地反应了真相。有相当多的老人很享受他们当下的自由状态,想尽可能地自己生活。
在美国萨拉门托州,人口普查数据显示,65岁以上的老人当中有近四分之三和同代人一起居住,而不是多世同堂。全国范围内这一比例甚至更高,将近80%的老人住在自己的房子里——比上世纪40年代这一数据的三倍还要高。
盖洛普暨罗宾逊调查公司最近的一项调查便凸显了这种自立感。65岁以下的人有53%表示他们愿意与需要他们帮助的年迈父亲或母亲同住,而65岁以上的人只有四分之一表示会接受其成年子女的邀请与之同住。
这种态度公然挑战了顽固的传统文化观念。在旧观念里,祖父母,子女,孙子和孙女应该在同一屋檐下生活,成长,老去,这是从远古时代遗留下来的传统——那时,无论喜欢还是不喜欢,人们没有选择,只能多代同堂。
“我觉得这种老思想仍然存在是因为我们总是在追溯过去,”比尔?默茨说,“这玩意儿已经是博物馆里的古董了。看看电视和电影里核心家庭是怎么过圣诞节的。”
“自从二战以来人们就不那样生活了。士兵们从战场归来后,并没有搬到父母的住宅区里。他们到郊区去居住,或在全国各地落脚。”